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All Wheel Drive: all wheel drive explained, differential, electronic differential lock (EDL), haldex, jeep 4wd systems, low range, proactive AWD, quattro evolutions, safety concerns, terrain response system, testdrive, Torque-vectoring AWD, torque split ratio, torsen, viscous coupling

Brands: 4motion, quattro, super select, xDrive

Videos: Diagonal spin test, electronic differential lock test, quattro vs. xdrive test, Viscous Coupling Test

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Recent changes

Celica T180 (1989–1993)Next

Figure: (406KB)
toyota-celica-turbo-4wd-t180

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Celica T200 (1993–1999)Next

Figure: (152KB)
toyota-celica

Figure: (1232KB)
toyota-celica-gt-four-t200

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RAV4 Type 10 (1994-2000)Next

Sold as 2wd or 4wd.

Automatic transmission: STD I full-time all wheel drive. Electronically controlled multiplate clutch locking center differential. Optional Torsen limited slip rear differential.

Early models have a C.DIFF AUTO button that, when depressed, prevents the center differential from locking. When no button is present (A540H transmission), the multiplate clutch always operates in AUTO mode.[1]

Manual transmission: Full-time all wheel drive with 50/50 torque split. Manually locking center differential via the C.DIFF LOCK button on the console. Optional Torsen limited slip rear differential.[2]

Figure: Toyota RAV4 M/T? (36KB)
toyota-rav4-i

Figure: (55KB)
toyota-rav4-i_x

Figure: (118KB)
toyota-rav-4-xa10-center-diff-lock

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RAV4 II Type 20 (2000-2006)Next

Sold as 2wd or 4wd.

Both automatic and manual transmissions have full-time all wheel drive with viscous coupling locking center differential. Optional Torsen limited slip rear differential.[3]

Figure: Toyota RAV4 II (106KB)
toyota-rav4-ii

Figure: (632KB)
toyota-rav-4-transsmision-second-generation

Do you think this information about Toyota Rav4 Ii Type 20 (2000-2006) is incorrect? Please send us what you know to or leave a comment below.

RAV4 III (2005-2012)Next

Proactive automatic all wheel drive. Front wheel drive in normal conditions, torque transfer to rear via electronically-controlled multi-plate clutch. The clutch can be manually locked using the button on the console.

http://rav4world.com/pdf/2006/2006_4wdsystem.pdf

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RAV4 IV (2013-...)Next

Proactive automatic all wheel drive. I has three modes: auto, lock and sport.

When turning RAV4 into and through a corner, power is sent to the rear wheels to help enhance cornering performance, detecting steering angle and lack of yaw rate in Sport Mode (and detecting lack of yaw rate in Normal and Eco Mode).Dynamic Torque Control has three different drive modes: Auto, Lock and Sport. In Auto Mode, RAV4 delivers power primarily to the front wheels under most driving conditions, switching automatically to AWD only when needed. By only engaging the rear axle and delivering power to the rear wheels when needed, Auto Mode helps enhance fuel efficiency and reduce drivetrain wear.

In Lock Mode at lower speeds, RAV4 essentially has a full-time AWD system with power delivered to all four wheels. At speeds below approximately 25 mph in Lock Mode, up to 50 percent of engine power is sent to the rear wheels, enhancing traction and helping RAV4 “dig” through sandy or muddy conditions. Lock Mode reverts to Auto Mode when vehicle speed passes approximately 25 mph.

Sport mode can provide smooth and nearly instantaneous torque transfers between the front and rear wheels to help enhance cornering performance. Under certain conditions, Sport Mode can automatically deliver up to 50 percent of engine power to the rear wheels.

In Sport Mode, the AWD system also can apportion power based on input from the steering angle and yaw rate sensors of the Vehicle Stability Control system. When turning into and through a corner, power is sent to the rear wheels to maximize traction available at each of the four corners of the vehicle. Under braking in a straight line in Sport Mode, power delivery to the rear wheels can be momentarily suspended to best leverage the benefits of ABS and VSC.

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4Runner Limited (...-1999)Next

Part-Time all wheel drive.

Do you own Toyota 4Runner Limited (...-1999)? Can you please make a photo of the car's 4x4 transmission, switches, dashboard lights, etc. and send it to ?

4Runner Limited (1999-...)Next

Selectable all wheel drive system (full-time all wheel drive system with 4x2 capability). VF3AM transfer case. Lever-operated 4Hi, 4Lo (2,48:1), and N modes. 4WD button engages and disengages the all wheel drive. Corporate 8-inch IFS front axle is engaged using Toyota's ADD (Automatically Disconnected Differential), which is similar to other companies' CAD systems. Electro-mechanically operated rear differential lock (optional) in 8-inch solid axle.

Figure: Toyota's ADD (Automatically Disconnected Differential) in the front axle (23KB)
toyota-add-front-axle-disconnect

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FJ Cruiser (automatic gearbox)Next

Part-time all wheel drive. Low gear.

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Highlander II (XU40; 2007–2013)Next

GasolineNext

Full-time all wheel drive system with three open differentials.

HybridNext

Automatic all wheel drive. Normally front wheel drive vehicle. When it detects slip the rear electric motor activates to provide a push from the rear.

Land Cruiser 40Next

Figure: (137KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-fj-40

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Land Cruiser 60Next

Figure: (841KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-60

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Land Cruiser 80??? 1993Next

Full-time all wheel drive system. Viscous coupling locking (VX trim level only) or open (GS trim) center differential, can be forcibly locked manually using the low range lever.

On GS, the center differential is locked when in low range (2,49:1 ratio). This behavior, however, can be overridden by installing an OEM center differential switch. The wiring for the switch is already available in the car. [4]

Optional front and rear manually lockable differentials.

Figure: (194KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-80-gear-levers

Figure: (104KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-80-logo

Figure: (276KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-80-us

Figure: (65KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-80-differential-lock-switches

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Land Cruiser 90Next

Figure: (807KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-90

Full time all wheel drive with lockable centre differential. It can be locked in high ratio while is locked automatically when low ratio is engaged. Prado models have LSD at the back while Colorado have lockable rear differential - there is a turn switch on the right near the ignition key.

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Land Cruiser 100Next

Full-time all wheel drive. Full-time two-speed four wheel drive system with manually (button) lockable differentials - center and rear (opt.) The case is similar to previous generation Land Cruisers

Figure: (71KB)
toyota-lc100

Figure: Toyota Land Cruiser 100 transfer case (96KB)
toyota-lc100_x

Figure: (630KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-100

Figure: (53KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-100-center-diff-lock

Figure: (108KB)
toyota-land-cruiser-100-gear-levers

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Land Cruiser 120/150/Lexus GX470, Toyota 4Runner (only Limited V8 & 2010 Limited V6), Toyota FJ Cruiser (manual transmission only), Toyota Hilux Surf (year2013)Next

Torsen T3 (40/60) center differential with manual lock, low gear, hill descent control system (? Source)

Have you seen a better description of Toyota Land Cruiser 120/150/lexus Gx470, 4Runner (Only Limited V8 & 2010 Limited V6), Fj Cruiser (Manual Transmission Only), Hilux Surf (Year2013) in a paper magazine? Can you please scan it or take a photo and send it to ?

Land Cruiser 200/V8Next

Full-time all wheel drive system with dual range and 'Torsen' T3 (torque sensing) centre differential. Downhill Assist Control (DAC). Crawl control system (available on petrol V8 only).

Video: Toyota Land Cruiser 200 crawl control system operation.

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Previa (Estima Lucida)Next

Figure: (122KB)
toyota-previa-estima-lucida-xr10

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Sienna AWDTop

Full-time all wheel drive system with free differentials.

Under normal driving front:rear = 100:0, the center diff can change it up to 50:50.

http://toyotanews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota+sienna+rav+4+awd+cures+winter+blues.htm

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Footnotes

  1. ↑http://autogear.ru/enc/toyota/1526/
  2. ↑http://autogear.ru/enc/toyota/1528/
  3. ↑http://autogear.ru/enc/toyota/1528/
  4. ↑http://www.sleeoffroad.com/products/products_switches.htm
There are 12 comments
joys
December 08, 2015 - 18:41

What a commendable work you have done, with simplest of language. I can’t resist myself to leave a comment and trust me it’s hard to impress me.

3d

nazri
November 20, 2015 - 12:59

hilux

Maxdag
September 04, 2013 - 03:52

2010 Toyota RAV4 4x4 will not disengage

jack
August 27, 2013 - 08:38

Land cruiser 90/95

Full-time all wheel drive. Full-time two-speed four wheel drive system with lever-operated 4Hi, 4Hi locked, 4Lo locked and N modes. Optional electrically (button) lockable rear differential - colorado (95) model only.

Images:

s1204.photobucket.com - land cruiser 95 colorado

Brian
February 16, 2013 - 19:56

The Sienns description (three open differentials) is correct only for 2004-2010 model years. The current generation has no centre differential, driving the rear via a clutch instead; this is presumably the same system as the RAV4 III.

jim
August 30, 2011 - 22:57

I have a 2002 Toyota Rav4. The rear differential seems to be leaking fluid. How difficult is it to replace the seal? Thanks.

Reply to jim
AC
November 09, 2011 - 23:34

not difficult at all.. if you have tools.. the bolts either are 12 or 14. most likely 14mm.. take those off, gently pry with flat head screw driver all the way around. use a dye grinder with a coarse biscuit to take off the old gasket seal then apply new silicone and reinstall, fill with new gear lube till it starts leaking thru the filler hole. this is assuming it's from the back of the diff not the front. if it's the front then it's a whole different way and if you are not experienced in doing this type of job, take it a shop that'll do it for you. hope this helps.

ASE certified toyota tech.

Reply to jim
captleo
March 16, 2014 - 15:21

It depend on where the leak is coming from? rear differential big cover has not gasket but only a trace of liquid gasket sealand.

Reply to jim
captleo
March 16, 2014 - 15:35

Jim, believe me I just resealed my 2002 rav4 awd rear differential and first you have to remove all fluid before you remove the #14 bolt then you will remove the old silicone with a razor blade since there is not gasket and if you use a grinder you will remove the mirror like face of both parts, believe me I just did it to my rear differential and by using liquid gasket maker after you clean both faces with maybe acetone every thing will ok.

George
February 11, 2011 - 14:59

The RAV4, at least in the USA from the 2006 model year, lost its center differential.
Toyota replaced it with a wet clutch pack at the rear axle, before the rear differential. [open front & rear]
Toyota did add a manual lockup function via button, but is likely overridden by the computer above a set speed.
rav4world.com

ImUrOBGYN
January 26, 2011 - 21:25
Extra Info

2010 RAV4 falls into this category:
"Advanced electronically controlled all wheel drive systems can be pro-active and lock the traction device even before wheels start to slip - the need of all wheel drive is determined in real-time, based on the information that is collected from different sensors (i.e. g-force sensor, accelerator pedal position, etc.)."

riger
September 08, 2010 - 19:39
A Toyota 1994 80's serier's land crusier transfer case change out?

I got the 4WD full time 6 inline engine with auto transmission land crusier US. stly. i got a H for high gear and n for out of gear and L for low.. i want to put a 2WD & 4WD transfer case on instead one that came from a same model SUV would i need to modfiy any thing besides the shifter ?and will it fit? and there are no side buttons on the wheels for the center lock thats on the dash and the cars got 2000.000miles rounded down..

 
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